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a priori process

Толкование Перевод

1 a priori process

мат. априорный процесс

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > a priori process
2 a priori process

Математика: априорный процесс

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > a priori process
3 a priori process

мат.

априорный процесс

English-Russian scientific dictionary > a priori process
4 process

1) процесс

2) процедура

3) технологический процесс || технологический

4) приём, способ

5) обрабатывать; перерабатывать

•

process with bounded aftereffect — процесс с ограниченным последействием

process with continuous spectrum — процесс с непрерывным спектром

process with denumerably many states — процесс со счётным множеством состояний

process with discrete spectrum — процесс с дискретным спектром

process with immigration — процесс с иммиграцией

process with independent increments — процесс с независимыми приращениями, аддитивный процесс

process with interactions — процесс с взаимодействиями

process with maximal rank — процесс с памятью

process with nonstationary increments — процесс с нестационарными приращениями, неоднородный во времени процесс

process with orthogonal increments — процесс с ортогональными приращениями

process with recycle — циркуляционный процесс

process with stationary and independent increments — процесс со стационарными и независимыми приращениями, однородный процесс

process with stationary increments — процесс со стационарными приращениями, однородный во времени процесс

process without aftereffect — процесс без последействия

process without memory — процесс без памяти

process without spontaneous changes — процесс без спонтанных изменений

- a priori process

- absolutely random process
- absorbing barrier process
- abstract process

- acid open-hearth process

- additive process

- age-dependent process

- alternating renewal process

- autoregressive process

- auxiliary process

- band-limited process

- basic Bessemer process
- basic oxygen process
- basic process

- basis open-hearth process

- Bessemer process

- binary process

- binomial process

- birth and death process

- birth process

- birth-and-death process

- birth-illness-death process

- bivariate process

- bloomery process

- bracketing process

- branching process

- canonical process

- cascade process

- centered process

- circular process

- circularly correlated process

- clustering process

- collecting process

- computation process

- computational process

- conditioned process

- conservative process

- constructive process

- contagion process

- continuation process

- continuous process

- continuous spinning process

- controlled process

- convergent process

- converter process

- convex process

- countercurrent process

- counter-flow process

- counting process

- Crouse process

- cumulative process

- cupola process

- decay process

- decision process

- decision-making process

- decomposable process

- degenerate process

- denumerable process

- denumerably-valued process

- diagonal process

- difference process

- differential process

- differentiation process

- digital process

- direct ore-reduction process
- direct reduction process
- directing process

- discontinuous process
- discrete process - discrete-time process
- dishonest process

- dissipative process

- distributed-parameter process

- disturbed harmonic process

- divergent process

- drawn-gate CMOS process

- dry-press process

- dual process

- dynamic process

- elementary process

- empirical process

- equally correlated process

- equally-correlated process

- equilibrium process

- ergodic process

- evolutionary process

- exhaustive process

- explosive process

- exponential process

- extended process

- extinction process

- feedback process

- feedforward process

- fictitions process

- finite process

- fitting process

- fundamental process

- general process

- generating process

- genetic process

- gradient process

- graph-searching process

- growth process

- half-additive process

- harmonic process

- harmonizable process

- hereditary process

- heterogeneous in time process

- heterogeneous process

- heuristic process

- holomorphic process

- homogeneous process

- imbedded renewal process

- immigration process

- increasing process

- independent increments process

- indirect process

- induced process

- infinetely divisible process

- infinite process

- infinitely decomposable process

- infinitesimal process

- informational process

- inhomogeneous process

- integer-value process

- integrable process

- interpolatory process

- inverse process

- irreversible process

- isentropic process

- isobaric process

- isochoric process

- isonormal process

- isothermal process

- isotropic process

- iterative process

- jointly stationary process

- jump process

- Kroll process

- ladder process

- learning process

- left-continuous process

- linear process

- linearly regular process
- linearly singular process - locally integrable process - locally stable process
- logistic process

- lumped process

- many-state death process

- martingale process

- measurable process

- memoryless process

- metrically transitive process

- minimal process

- mixed process

- mixing process

- modulated process

- Moebius process

- monotonous process

- moving summation process

- moving-average process

- multidimensional process

- multiparameter process

- multiple-chain process

- multiple-phase process

- multiplicative process

- multistage process
- multistep process - multivariate process - N-dimensional process
- near-equilibrium process

- neutral process

- noise process

- nondeterministic process

- nondissipative process

- nonequilibrium process

- nonhereditary process

- nonhomogeneous process

- nonnormalized process

- nonpreemptive process

- nonstationary process

- nonsteady process

- numerical process

- observation process

- observed process

- one-dimensional process

- one-sided process

- one-state process

- open-hearth process

- optimal process

- optimum process

- Orbach process

- orthogonal process

- orthogonalization process

- oxidizing process

- partially deterministic process
- partially mixing process
- percolation process

- periodic process

- periodically stationary process

- persistent process

- perturbated process

- piecewise-linear process

- pig-and-ore process

- plasma spraying process

- point process

- positively regular process

- predictable process

- probabilistic process

- process of abstraction

- process of exhaustion

- process of finite variation
- process of hidden periodicities
- process of iteration

- process of randomization

- process oil

- product process

- production process

- pseudorandom process

- purely random process

- pursuit process

- quasistable process

- quasistationary process

- random-walk process

- real-valued process

- reciprocal process

- recurrent process

- recursive process

- reduced process

- reducible process

- reduction process

- regenerative process

- regular process

- renewal process

- repeatable process

- repetitive process

- restorative process

- return process

- reverberatory process

- reverse process

- rewriting process

- right-continuous process

- risk process

- rotor process

- sampling process

- search process

- second-order stationary process

- selection process

- separable process

- sequential decision process

- sequential process

- shuffling process

- side-blown converter process

- sieving process

- simple process

- simplex process

- singular process

- slowly branching process

- smoothed process

- smoothing process

- soft-mud process

- space-time process

- spatial process

- spectral process

- stagewise process

- standard process

- statistically stationary process
- steady stochastic process
- steady-state process

- steel-making process

- stencil process

- stepwise process

- stochastic process

- stopped process

- strictly stationary process

- subordinated process

- summation process

- supercritical process

- synergistic process

- temporally continuous process
- temporally homogeneous process
- terminating process

- theorem-proving process

- time-dependent process

- time-homogeneous process

- trajectory process

- transient process

- transport process

- trial-and-error process

- two-dimensional process

- two-sided process

- two-stage process

- two-state process

- umklapp process

- uncontrolled process

- uniform process

- unit process

- unstable process

- unsteady process

- unsteady-state process

- vector process

- vector-valued process

- weakly correlated process
- weakly ergodic process - weakly stationary process
- welding process

- well-measurable process

- wide sense stationary process

- Wohlwill process

- xiphoid process

- zero-one renewal process

English-Russian scientific dictionary > process
5 априорный процесс

мат. a priori process

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > априорный процесс
6 априорный процесс

Mathematics: a priori process

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > априорный процесс
7 априорный процесс

a priori process мат.

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > априорный процесс
8 Knowledge

   1) To Exist Is to Be Perceived

   It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)

   2) Abstract Science or Demonstration Is a More Perfect Species of Knowledge

   It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.

   But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reﬂection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)

   3) Knowledge Derives from Two Fundamental Sources of the Mind

   Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).

   Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])

   4) The Means by Which Metaphysics Can Be Perfected as a Science

   Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....

   This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)

   5) Knowledge Is Only Real in the Form of System

   Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)

   6) Knowledge, Action, and Evaluation Are Interconnected

   Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)

   7) The Evolution of Knowledge

   "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.

   Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
9 planning

планирование; проектирование; разработка; подготовка ( производства)

planning workholding in CAD/CAM — автоматизированное проектирование крепёжной оснастки ( для станков) с помощью системы CAD/CAM

- a priori test planning
- capacity planning
- cell capacity planning
- computer-aided process planning
- computer-aided production planning
- computer-assisted operation sequence planning
- computer-assisted process planning
- cutter-path planning
- design planning
- detailed planning of processing
- disaster planning
- FMS production planning
- FMS workload planning
- forward planning
- generative process planning
- inspection planning
- installation planning
- interactive process planning
- layout planning
- long range planning
- machine shop planning
- manufacturing planning
- manufacturing resource planning
- materials requirement planning
- motion planning
- motor deceleration planning
- on-line planning
- on-line production planning
- operations planning
- path planning
- plant-level planning
- preproduction planning
- process planning
- production planning
- research planning
- robot planning
- strategy planning
- systematic layout planning
- task planning
- technology planning
- technology process planning
- test planning
- tool requirements planning
- trajectory planning
- treatment planning
- up-front planning

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > planning
10 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
11 Language

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reﬂection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chieﬂy governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Inﬂuenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
12 учитываться

Учитываться - to consider, to recognize, to include, to incorporate, to accommodate, to enter, to allow for, to make allowance for, to take account of, to take into account, to be accounted for, to be factored; to bear in mind; to use the fact, to be reckoned with
Although an allowance was made for the displacement of the effective center of the pitot probe, no correction was applied to take account of the effects of turbulence.

Allowance shall be made for flanges where necessary.

Under these conditions the stalled flow model would have to be modified to take this pressure drop into account, as shown schematically in Fig.

This correlation includes the geometry of the machine, known a priori, and has been shown valid for two widely different types of geometry.

The understanding of the hazards leading to the problems has been incorporated in the design of this new generation of turbine.

A more promising approach is to consider creep crack growth rate in terms of some parameter that recognizes the incremental nature of the creep crack growth process.

These modifications had been found to be necessary to accommodate the non-uniform plastic flow of the workpiece teeth during the rolling operation.

Therefore, for the processes considered here, of relatively small physical extent, the effects of the pressure changes will be ignored, only the level enters.

Any modeling of the total process must bear this in mind.

— в случаях, когда учитывается

— влияние... учитывается

— влияние не учитывается

— если бы должным образом учитывался

— если и учитывается, то редко

— и поэтому не учитываются в

— может не учитываться

— совершенно не учитывается

— что здесь, по-видимому, не учитывается, так это

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > учитываться
13 bound

1) предел; граница; ограничение || имеющий предел или границу; ограниченный || устанавливать предел или границу; ограничивать

2) связанный

•

- a-priori bound
- asymptotic bound
- Bremmerman bound
- compute bound
- confidence bound
- Cramer-Rao bound
- error probability bound
- finite bound
- input bound
- input/output bound
- I/O bound
- lower bound
- output bound
- process bound
- processor bound
- sphere-packing bound
- union bound
- upper bound

English-Russian electronics dictionary > bound
14 bound

1) предел; граница; ограничение || имеющий предел или границу; ограниченный || устанавливать предел или границу; ограничивать

2) связанный

•

- a priori bound
- asymptotic bound
- Bremmerman bound
- compute bound
- confidence bound
- Cramer-Rao bound
- error probability bound
- finite bound
- I/O bound
- input bound
- input/output bound
- lower bound
- output bound
- process bound
- processor bound
- sphere-packing bound
- union bound
- upper bound

The New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > bound
15 information

n

информация, сведения, данные

- accounting information
- accurate information
- acquired information
- additional information
- adequate information
- advance information
- adverse information
- ancillary information
- a priori information
- available information
- background information
- backup information
- bulk information
- brief information
- business information
- classified information
- collected information
- commercial information
- complete information
- comprehensive information
- confidential information
- confidential client information
- contradictory information
- cost information
- credit information
- critical information
- customer information
- delivery information
- design information
- detailed information
- economic information
- engineering information
- exact information
- exhaustive information
- export information
- factual information
- false information
- favourable information
- feedback information
- financial information
- first-hand information
- follow-up information
- foreign information
- full information
- general information
- helpful information
- immediate information
- important information
- inadequate information
- incomplete information
- input information
- inside information
- insider information
- insufficient information
- internal information
- know-how information
- legal information
- management information
- market information
- market sensitive information
- mutual information
- newspaper information
- nonpublic information
- null information
- objective information
- obtained information
- official information
- one-sided information
- on-line information
- operational information
- operational exchange information
- output information
- patent information
- perfect information
- pertinent information
- practical information
- precise information
- preliminary information
- price information
- pricing information
- printed information
- prior information
- privileged information
- processed information
- product information
- proprietary information
- received information
- reciprocal information
- redundant information
- relative information
- relevant information
- reliable information
- requested information
- required information
- sample information
- scientific information
- secret information
- segment information
- service information
- source information
- statistical information
- strictly confidential information
- subjective information
- sufficient information
- summarized information
- supplementary information
- tariff information
- technical information
- technological information
- true information
- true and fair information
- trustworthy information
- truthful information
- unclassified information
- up-to-date information
- useful information
- valuable information
- visual information
- vital information
- information from abroad
- according to fuller information
- according to preliminary information
- for your information
- acquire information
- analyse information
- apply for information
- ask for information
- assess information
- collect information
- compile information
- contain information
- derive information
- digest information
- disclose information
- discuss information
- dissiminate information
- divulge information
- enclose information
- estimate information
- evaluate information
- exchange information
- fake information
- furnish information
- gather information
- get information
- give information
- input information
- keyboard information onto a database
- obtain information
- pass information
- process information
- provide information
- provide with information
- receive information
- render information
- request information
- seek information
- send information
- share information
- spread information
- submit information
- supply information
- take information
- transfer information
- transmit information
- turn over information
- update information

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > information
16 test

1) замер

2) испытание; испытания || испытывать; исследовать

3) стат. критерий

4) обнаружение; определение

5) опробывание

6) опыт; эксперимент

7) признак

8) проба || пробовать

9) проверка || проверять

10) тест || тестовый

11) пробный

•

test for uniformity — мат. критерий равномерности

test for trend — мат. проверка на тренд

test for singularity — мат. критерий особенности

test for regression — мат. проверка на наличие регрессии

test for randomness — мат. критерий случайности

test for primality — мат. признак простоты (числа)

test for parallelism — критерий параллельности

test for optimality — мат. критерий оптимальности

test for nonadditivity — мат. признак неаддитивности

test for minimum — мат. проверка на минимум

test for interaction — мат. критерий взаимодействия

test for homogeneity — критерий однородности

test for exponentiality — мат. критерий экспоненциальности

test for ergodicity — мат. критерий эргодичности

test for end — признак конца

test for divisibility — мат. признак делимости

test for definiteness — мат. критерий определённости

test for convergence — мат. критерий сходимости

test for concordance — мат. критерий согласия

test for completeness — признак полноты

test for casualty — мат. критерий обусловленности

to carry out a test — проводить испытание

to do a test — проводить проверку

to make test — стат. строить критерий (напр., для проверки значимости отклонений)

to pass the test to satisfaction — успешно пройти испытание

to test for defects — проверять на дефектность

to test for leak-proofness — испытывать на герметичность

- a priori test

- abbreviated test

- Abel test for convergence

- ability test

- abrasion test

- accelerated test

- acceptance test

- acid test

- adaptive test

- additivity test

- admissible test

- ageing test

- alternate bend test

- antithetic test

- apply leak test

- approximate test

- asymmetrical test

- asymptotic test

- asymptotically distribution-free test
- asymptotically efficient test - asymptotically minimax test - asymptotically most powerful rank test - asymptotically optimum test - asymptotically robust test - asymptotically unbiased test
- basic test

- bench test

- bend test

- bending test

- bending-unbending test

- bend-over test

- best test

- best unbiased test

- biased test

- binomial test

- biological test

- bivariate test

- blank test

- blind duplicate test

- blow-pipe test

- boiling test

- bond test

- breakdown test

- breaking test

- buckling test

- burning test

- busy test

- calibration test

- capillary test

- centrifuge test

- chi-square test

- chi-squared test

- circular test

- closed sequential test

- cohesion test

- coincidence test

- cold test

- cold-pressing test

- collapsibility test

- color test

- coloring test

- combinatorial test

- combined test

- combustibility test

- comparative test

- comparison test

- compatibility test

- composite test

- comprehensive test

- condensation test

- conditional test

- consistent test

- consumption test

- contingency test

- continuity test

- control median test

- corner test

- corrosion test

- cracking test

- creep test

- critical test

- cupel test

- cupping test

- decantation test

- desctructive test

- destruction test

- development test

- dichotomous test

- difference-of-sample-means test

- direct oxidation test

- dispersion test

- distance test

- distribution test

- distribution-free test of fit

- distribution-free test

- divisibility test

- double-sided test
- double-tailed test
- drop test

- duplicate test

- durability test

- efficiency of test

- efficiency test

- elasticity test

- empirical test

- endurance test

- equal-tails test

- Erichsen test

- etch test

- evaporation test

- exact test

- exceedance test

- expansion test

- extraction test

- factorial test

- factor-reversal test

- false busy test

- fat test

- fatigue test

- field test

- fire resistance test

- first-median test

- flange test

- flanging test

- flare test

- flash-point test

- flattening test

- flexure test

- flight test

- floating test

- flow test

- fluidity test

- flutter test

- fracing test

- fracture test

- free-bend test

- free-fall test

- free-flight test

- freezing test

- friability test

- friction test

- fuel-consumption test

- full-scale test

- fusion test

- game test

- general regression significance test
- general test for homogeneity
- goodness-of-fit test

- graphical test

- grindability test

- ground test

- hardenability test

- hardness test

- heat losses test

- heat test

- high pot test

- homogeneous test

- hot twist test

- hot upset test

- humidity test

- hydrostatic test

- hypercensored test

- icing test

- ignition tube test

- impulse test

- independent test

- intelligence test

- invariant test

- invertibility test

- jack-knife test

- jet test

- jumping-up test

- laboratory test

- leakage test

- left-sided test

- likelihood ratio test

- liquid-penetrant test

- locally best test
- locally unbiased test
- location test

- longevity test

- long-run test

- macrosolubility test

- magnetic-particle test

- many-sample rank test

- material test

- maximin test

- maximum deviation test

- maximum test

- mean-range test

- medial test

- melting test

- microsolubility test

- minimax test

- model test

- monotone test

- multibinomial test

- multinomial test

- multiple choice test
- multiple comparison test - multiple ranking test
- multisample test

- multivariate test

- noncentral test

- nondestructive test

- nonparametric test

- nonrandomized test

- nonsequential test

- nonsymmetric test

- normal curve test
- normal scores test
- normal test

- notch-bar test

- objective test

- oil dilution test

- omnibus test

- one-sample test

- one-sided test
- one-tailed test
- optimal test

- optimality test

- optimum test

- orthogonal test

- oscillation test

- overload test

- overspeed test

- oxidation test

- paint drying test

- paint rub test

- paired test

- paired-comparison test

- pairwise test

- panel-spalling test

- peel test

- performance test

- performance test

- permutation test

- permutationally distribution-free test

- pickle test

- powerful test

- preliminary test

- primary test

- probability ratio sequential test
- probability ratio test - process normality test
- pull test

- pulse-reflection ultrasonic test

- quadrant test

- quartile test

- quasiindependent test

- quench test

- quick test

- random test

- randomization test

- randomness test

- rank test

- rank-correlation test

- rank-sum test

- ratio test

- referee test

- regression test

- relaxation test

- reliability of test

- reliability test

- remolding test

- representative test

- restricted test

- reverse-bend test

- right-sided test

- ringing test

- road test

- robust test

- root test

- rough test

- routine test

- salt-mist test

- sampling test

- scratch test

- scratch-hardness test

- screen test

- sedimentation test

- serial test

- shatter test

- shearing test

- Shore hardness test

- short-term test

- shrinkage test

- sign test

- significance test

- similarity test

- simulation test

- single-end test

- single-sample test

- single-sided test
- single-tailed test
- slaking test

- slippage test

- smooth test

- spark test

- sphericity test

- splitting test

- spoon test

- spray test

- stability test

- standard test

- statistical test

- statistically rigorous test
- statistically valid test
- stopping test

- strength test

- stress-rupture test

- strictly unbiased test

- stringent test

- strongly distribution-free test

- studentized test

- subjective test

- survival test

- symmetry test

- tackiness test

- tear test

- tensile test

- test for engaged condition
- test for goodness of fit - test for homogeneity of means - test for homogeneity of variances - test for nonsphericalness of disturbances - test for significant changes - test for uniform convergence - test hypothesis with experiment
- test of association

- test of commensurability

- test of convergence

- test of definiteness

- test of differences

- test of distribution of means

- test of ellipticity

- test of equality

- test of equation

- test of fit

- test of general homogeneity

- test of grouping

- test of homogeneity

- test of homoskedacity

- test of hypothesis

- test of identity

- test of independence

- test of invariance

- test of largest extremum

- test of linearity

- test of location

- test of lognormality

- test of normality

- test of proportionality

- test of randomness

- test of ranking

- test of regression

- test of scale

- test of significance

- test of sphericity

- test of symmetry

- test of truth

- test of validity

- tetrachoric test

- thermal test

- time-reversal test

- torsion test

- total-lot test

- toughness test

- towing test

- triangle test

- truncated test

- two-sample test

- two-sided test

- two-stage test

- two-statistic test

- two-tailed test

- ultraviolet test

- unbiased test

- uncensored test

- unconditional test

- under test

- uniform conditional test
- uniformly asymptotically efficient test - uniformly best test - uniformly consistent test
- uniformly most powerful test

- univariate test

- untruncated test

- upper-tailed test

- upsetting test

- vacuum test

- validity test

- variance ratio test

- vibration-survival test

- voltage test

- Votchal-Tiffeneau test

- warranty test

- wear test

- weighted sign test

- weld test

- weldability test

English-Russian scientific dictionary > test

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a priori process

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a priori process

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